March 24, 2014 — A clinical study of more than 50,000 women participating in the U.K. NHS Breast Screening Programme has found that, while three-yearly screening intervals are appropriate for the majority of women, approximately one third of women are at higher risk of developing cancer and might benefit from more frequent mammograms.
Professor Gareth Evans, from the University of Manchester, U.K., told the 9th European Breast Cancer Conference (EBCC-9) that identifying the degree of risk of developing breast cancer in individual women would enable healthcare professionals to target screening and preventive measures better. In order to see if this was feasible, he and his colleagues from Manchester and Queen Mary University of London collected extra information from women attending routine breast screening in Manchester and who had agreed to participate in the Predicting Risk Of breast Cancer At Screening (PROCAS) study.
A questionnaire was used to collect information on important breast cancer risk factors such as family history and lifestyle; where appropriate, genetic information was collected by analyzing saliva samples; breast density was measured from the mammogram and given a "visual assessment score" (VAS), which indicated the percentage of dense tissue in the breast. The study started in 2009 and the first 53,467 women were included in the analysis reported at EBCC-9. During this time 634 women developed breast cancer.
The NHS Breast Screening Programme is open to women between the ages of 47 and 73 [1], and the "normal" risk of developing breast cancer within the next 10 years varies from 2.4 percent at the age of 47 to 3.5 percent at the age of 70.
The risk factor questionnaire indicated that 676 (1.4%) women had a high risk of developing breast cancer of 8 percent or more over the next 10 years, with a further 4591 (8.6%) women having a moderately increased risk of between five and eight percent.
The VAS showed that 60 percent or more of breast tissue was dense in 5.2 percent of the women — breast tissue thins as women age and a high percentage of dense breast tissue at older ages is a risk factor for developing cancer. The researchers found that women with the highest, age adjusted percentage of dense tissue were 2.9-fold more likely to develop breast cancer in the next ten years than women with the lowest density.
When Evans and his colleagues combined the results from the risk factor questionnaire and VAS to make the results more accurate at defining the women's risks, they found that 1,280 (2 percent) of women had a high risk (8 percent or more) of developing breast cancer with 29 (2.3%) developing breast cancer. There were 14,720 women with an above average risk (over 3.5%) of developing breast cancer in the next 10 years and, indeed, 267 (1.8%) had developed breast cancer in the four-year period from 2009. This left 36,748 women with average or below average risk of developing breast cancer, and, of these, only 371 (1%) developed breast cancer. When looking specifically at the 3,432 women in this group who had a low (less than one percent) 10-year risk, only 10 (0.3%) developing breast cancer during the four years.
The researchers also found that among the 36,748 women at average or below average risk, only 45 cancers that had started to spread to the lymph nodes were found during the four years, which was equivalent to about three per 100,000 women a year, compared to around 11 per 100,000 women a year in those at above average risk. Proportions of cancers that were further advanced were higher in the above average risk women: 32% compared to only 19% in women at average or below average risk.
Evans, who is the chief investigator for the PROCAS study, said: "Our results suggest that three-yearly screening is very effective for around 70% of the female population, but that those women who have a higher than average risk of developing breast cancer probably require more frequent screening, particularly as more advanced cancers were detected in these women. Screening should be annual for the small proportion of women who have an eight percent or greater risk of developing cancer over the next 10 years.
"This is the largest study of its kind in the U.K., and the results could have an impact on the whole NHS Breast Screening Programme. By incorporating this process of personal risk assessment into routine screening practice we can predict and prevent more breast cancers in the future."
Dr. Hilary Dobson, chair of EBCC-9's national organizing committee and who is Clinical Lead of the West of Scotland Breast Screening Service and the Lead Clinician of the West of Scotland Cancer Advisory Network (WoSCAN), commented: "These are important findings in the context of considering how best to deliver an effective, yet safe, population-based screening program. To date, the U.K. NHS Breast Screening Programme has been organized on the basis of using age as a risk factor to identify the eligible, target population. As our understanding of the contribution of familial risk has improved, there has been a move to align such cases with the national screening program. This study takes the process one step further towards the concept of more personalized screening — a model taking account of a range of personalized risk factors resulting in an individualized screening frequency. Longer follow-up of the affected individuals will add weight to any future requirement to change from the current delivery model of the national screening program."
The PROCAS study is being run from the University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust and it has received funding from the National Institute for Health Research's Programme Grants for Applied Research (NIHR PGfAR) Programme.
Abstract no: LBA 8, "Assessing individual breast cancer risk within the UK National Health Service Breast Screening Programme: First prospective results from PROCAS". Friday 14.30-16.30 hrs, Keynote Symposium, Hall 5.
References:
[1] Manchester is one of the areas where a pilot study is looking at the effect of starting the age of screening at 47, rather than 50, and extending it to 73, rather than 70.
[2] The PROCAS study is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research Programme (reference number RP-PG-0707-10031: Improvement in risk prediction, early detection and prevention of breast cancer"), and Genesis Breast Cancer Prevention.
July 29, 2024 
